AT-30R tonometer is an applanation tonometry machine for intraocular pressure measurement. It has wide measurement range 0 – 10.64 KPa (0-80mmHg). This tonometer can be mounted on top illumination type slit lamps.

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An applanation tonometer is a medical device used to measure intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the pressure inside the eye. It is a crucial tool for diagnosing and managing glaucoma, a condition that can cause blindness due to damage to the optic nerve from increased eye pressure
The principle behind applanation tonometry is based on Imbert-Fick’s law, which states that the pressure inside a sphere is equal to the force required to flatten a small portion of its surface, divided by the flattened area. In practice, this means that the tonometer applies a small, controlled force to the cornea and measures how much pressure is needed to flatten it. Since the cornea resists deformation, the force required provides an indirect measure ointraocular pressur
There are different types of applanation tonometers. The Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (GAT) is the most widely used and is considered the gold standard for measuring IOP. It is attached to a slit lamp biomicroscope and requires fluorescein dye and a blue light for accurate measurement. The Perkins tonometer is a handheld version of the Goldmann, useful for patients who cannot sit at a slit lamp. Other types include the Tonopen, a portable electronic device that is easy to use, and the Mackay-Marg tonometer, which works with a direct-contact probe
During Goldmann applanation tonometry, the patient sits at a slit lamp while a topical anesthetic is applied to numb the cornea. A small amount of fluorescein dye is added to the eye. The examiner moves the tonometer probe toward the cornea and observes the tear meniscus pattern using a blue light. The force applied is gradually adjusted until a specific endpoint is reached, allowing the examiner to read the intraocular pressure on a scal
Several factors can affect the accuracy of applanation tonometry. Corneal thickness plays a significant role; thicker corneas may lead to overestimation of IOP, while thinner corneas may result in underestimation. Other factors include tear film abnormalities, patient movement, and corneal astigmatism, which may require adjustments to the measurement techniqu
Applanation tonometry is highly accurate and widely used, but it does have limitations. It requires direct contact with the eye, necessitating the use of anesthetic drops. Additionally, corneal properties can influence readings, and the technique requires skill and experience to perform correctly. Despite these challenges, applanation tonometry remains the preferred method for measuring intraocular pressure, especially in glaucoma screening and management
Eye equipment is essential in ophthalmology and optometry, serving various functions such as vision assessment, disease diagnosis, and surgical procedures. These instruments range from simple handheld tools to advanced imaging and laser systems, each playing a crucial role in maintaining eye health and improving vision
One of the most commonly used diagnostic tools is the slit lamp biomicroscope, which provides a highly magnified and illuminated view of the eye’s anterior and posterior segments. This device helps in detecting conditions such as cataracts, corneal ulcers, and retinal abnormalities. The ophthalmoscope is another vital tool that allows direct visualization of the retina and optic nerve. It comes in two types: the direct ophthalmoscope, which provides a magnified view of a small retinal area, and the indirect ophthalmoscope, which offers a wider, more detailed view of the retina, often used in diagnosing retinal detachment
Measuring intraocular pressure is crucial in detecting and managing glaucoma, and this is done using a tonometer. The Goldmann applanation tonometer, which is attached to a slit lamp, is the most accurate method for this purpose. It works by flattening a small part of the cornea and measuring the force required to do so. Non-contact tonometers, commonly known as air puff tonometers, use a burst of air to assess intraocular pressure without direct contact, making them more comfortable for patients. Handheld devices like the Tonopen are also widely used for quick and portable measurement
Determining refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism is done using a retinoscope, which projects light into the eye and evaluates how it reflects off the retina. Autorefractors are automated devices that quickly measure refractive errors by analyzing how light enters the eye, while the phoropter is a manual device that allows patients to choose the most suitable lens prescription based on visual clarity. A keratometer is used to measure the curvature of the cornea, which is essential in diagnosing astigmatism and fitting contact lenses. Pachymeters measure corneal thickness, a key factor in assessing eligibility for refractive surgery and adjusting intraocular pressure readings in glaucoma patients
Advanced imaging technologies are essential for diagnosing and monitoring eye diseases. Optical coherence tomography, commonly known as OCT, produces high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina, optic nerve, and cornea, helping in the detection of macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. A fundus camera captures detailed photographs of the retina, allowing for documentation and analysis of retinal diseases. Fluorescein angiography is a specialized imaging technique that uses a fluorescent dye to highlight blood vessels in the retina, helping in diagnosing vascular disorders like diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Ultrasound biomicroscopy and B-scan ultrasonography provide detailed images of the eye’s internal structures, particularly useful when the retina cannot be directly examined due to cataracts or vitreous hemorrhage
For surgical and treatment purposes, various advanced tools are used. Laser systems play a significant role in ophthalmology, with different types designed for specific treatments. Excimer lasers are used in LASIK and PRK surgeries to reshape the cornea and correct refractive errors. YAG lasers are commonly used in posterior capsulotomy, a procedure performed after cataract surgery to clear clouded vision. Argon lasers are utilized in treating retinal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal tears
Cataract surgery is performed using a phacoemulsification machine, which uses ultrasound waves to break up the cloudy lens, allowing it to be removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens. For retinal surgeries, vitrectomy machines remove the vitreous gel from the eye to repair conditions like retinal detachment and macular holes. Microkeratomes and femtosecond lasers are used in refractive surgeries, with the latter providing highly precise corneal cutting in LASIK procedures. Cryotherapy units are employed in freezing abnormal tissue to treat retinal detachments, while electrocautery and diathermy instruments help in controlling bleeding during eye surgerie
In vision correction, trial lens sets and trial frames are used to determine the most appropriate prescription for eyeglasses. Contact lens fitting equipment, such as corneal topographers, assesses the shape of the cornea to ensure a proper fit. For individuals with significant vision impairment, low vision aids like magnifiers, telescopes, and electronic visual devices enhance remaining vision, allowing for improved daily functioning
Sterilization and disinfection of eye equipment are crucial in preventing infections. Autoclaves use steam under pressure to sterilize surgical instruments, ensuring a sterile environment for eye procedures. UV sterilizers and chemical disinfectants are used for cleaning diagnostic tools such as tonometer tips and contact lenses
Eye equipment continues to evolve with advancements in technology, making ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment more precise and effective. From basic vision testing tools to sophisticated imaging and laser systems, these instruments play a vital role in preserving and restoring vision, ultimately improving the quality of life for individuals with eye conditions